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Exercise:

Section 1

► Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Direction to solve :
 Directions: In each of the questions given below there are two statements labelled Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) If (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) If (A) is false but (R) is true
(e) If both (A) and (R) are false
01.  Assertion (A) Goitre is a common disease in mountainous regions.
Reason (R) The diet of the people in mountains lacks iodine content.
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: a

Explanation:
 Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) because goitre is a common disease in mountainous regions and it is caused by deficiency of iodine content in the diet.

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02. Assertion (A) Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky.
Reason (R) Carbon dioxide sullies the water.
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: c

Explanation:
(A) is true because when carbon dioxide is passed in
lime water, then it turns milky. (R) is not true.

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03. Assertion (A) Indus Valley people knew the art of navigation.
Reason (R) Indus valley seals indicate prevalence of overseas trade.
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: a

Explanation:
Indus Valley sc.. Is indicate prevalence of overseas trade, which is only possible with the knowledge of art of navigation . So, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

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04. Assertion (A) No food material normally enters the wind pipe during swallowing.
Reason (R) When we swallow, the back portion of our tongue covers the 'opening of the wind pipe.
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: a

Explanation:
No food material normally enters the wind pipe during swallowing because when we swallwo, the back portion of our tounge covers the opening of the wind pipe. So, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

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05. Assertion (A) In the upper course, the main work of the river is erosion.
Reason (R) River flows swiftly in the upper course.
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: a

Explanation:
 In the upper course, the river rushes down a steep slope, so it flows swiftly and it causes erosion. So, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) in the correct explanation of (A).

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06. Assertion (A) The use of chlorofluorocarbons is banned throughout the world nowadays.
Reason (R) These chemicals cause skin cancer.
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: c

Explanation:
Chloroflurocarbon is the main cause behind the hole in ozone layer which protects us harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. So, it is banned throughout the world. So, (A) is true while (R) is false.

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07. Assertion (A) Photosynthesis takes place in all green plants.
Reason (R) Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: a

Explanation:
Chlorophyll is a green pigment which is essential for photosynthesis and this process takes place in all green plants. So, (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

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08. Assertion (A) For the production of aluminium cheap electricity is essential.
Reason (R) Extraction of aluminium from its one requires abundant supply of electricity.
A. a B. b
C. c D. d
E. e

Answer and Explanation

Answer: a

Explanation:
Aluminum is produced from its ore and its extraction from one requires abundant supply of electricity. So, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

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09. Assertion (A) : India is a democratic country. 
Reason (R) : India has a Constitution of its own. 
A.  If statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect; B. If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;
C.  If both the statements I and II are independent causes; D.  If both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes; and
E. If both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

Answer and Explanation

Answer: If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;

Explanation:
India is a democratic country because its government is the government of the people, for the people and by the people. It is also true that India has its own Constitution. 

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10. Assertion (A): Pressure cookers are fitted with ebonite handles. 
Reason (R) : Ebonite is strong. 
A. If statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect; B. If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;
C. If both the statements I and II are independent causes; D. If both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes; and
E. If both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

Answer and Explanation

Answer: If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;

Explanation:
The handles of pressure cookers are made of ebonite because it being a bad conductor of heat, does not heat up. 

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11. Assertion (A) : Water kept in earthen pots gets cooled in summer. 

Reason (R) : Evaporation causes cooling. 





Evaporation causes cooling. 
A. If statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect; B. If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;
C. If both the statements I and II are independent causes; D. If both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes; and
E.  If both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

Answer and Explanation

Answer: If statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;

Explanation:
Earthen pots have pores through-which water evaporates, causing cooling.

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